The announcement-and the secret talks that led to it-may have come as a surprise for Cuba’s closest ally in the region, the Bolivarian government of President Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela, but it was long desired by Latin American and Caribbean governments.
On December 17, 2014, three days after Havana celebrated the tenth anniversary of the official creation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (or ALBA, its acronym in Spanish), Presidents Barack Obama and Raúl Castro announced that, after more than half a century of hostilities between the United States and Cuba, the countries had begun bilateral talks to reestablish diplomatic relations. Although undermined by continued political instability, these genuine efforts nonetheless challenge the traditional narrative of an administration that had all but given up on Latin America after 1965. In particular, Johnson’s emphasis on integration-both physical, through the development of inter-American infrastructure, and economic, through the envisaged expansion of common markets-is used as evidence of a relatively coherent vision and a potentially more viable framework for modernization than the initial direct-aid-centered efforts of the Alliance. the Presidents of the Americas, which Johnson played a leading role in organizing, is considered in depth as reflective of a revised approach to the hemisphere. Rarely explored by historians, these years witnessed an increasingly embattled administration attempting to repair the damage done by its actions in the Caribbean while facing an escalating conflict in Southeast Asia and an ever more hostile Congress. The final chapter considers the period following the Dominican Republic intervention and Mann’s departure from the government. This essay argues that through Cuba’s integration into CELAC, the country has integrated international and regional norms, namely theories of liberal and neoliberal thinking, that increased their legitimacy at the international and regional level.
Drawing from the theorization of norm localisation developed by Amitav Acharya (2004), this study seeks to uncover how the Cuban integration into CELAC plays a role in the advancement of diplomatic relations between Cuba and the USA in 2014. The goal of this paper is to understand the amelioration in US-Cuba relationship that took place in 2014, by linking it to the Cuban regional integration into CELAC. Furthermore, in 2014, there has been ameliorations in the diplomatic relations between Cuba and the US. However, Cuba is included in the alliance and plays a substantial role in the organisation. This has led to the creation of the Community of Latin America and the Caribbean (CELAC) in 2011, which includes 33 countries from the region excluding the US and Canada. However, the twenty-first century has shown a shift in the American regionalization, rooted in a post-hegemonic era where the USA don’t have much influence in the region. Since that period, Cuba has been absent from most integration opportunities in the Americas, as the US exerted an assertive domination in the region. Read moreĬuba and the United Stated of America (USA, US) have been having rocky diplomatic relationships since the 1960s when the US imposed a trading embargo against Cuba, in fear of the influence its socialisation would have on the rest of the continent. What social conclusions can be drawn about this institution after five years of existence? What is the real impact of this alliance on the people it touches? This article seeks to establish a global overview of the ALBA's initiatives with particular emphasis placed on two humanitarian social policies: 'Operación Milagro (Operation Miracle)', whose objective is to provide surgical operations to people suffering from cataracts and other eye diseases, and the Cuban educational programme 'Yo, si puedo (Yes, I can)' aimed at teaching illiterates to read, not only on the South American continent, but also in other parts of the world as well, including Western Europe. cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean. This political and economic organisation is designed to promote regional. Under this treaty, Caracas began furnishing discounted hydrocarbons to Havana in exchange for medical services. The Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas - re-baptised the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - came into being in April of 2005 when Venezuela and Cuba signed the Treaty of Commerce of the People.
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